Bone Cancer

About Bone Cancer

One per cent of all cancers is bone cancer. It is rare and diagnosed when bone cells grow in an abnormal pattern. Though it can start in any bone, it is predominantly diagnosed in legs & arms and pelvis long bones.

Bone cancer can cause persistent pain, swelling or lump over joints and restrictions on joint mobility. It needs screening to diagnose and begin treatment in time for a cure in time.

Risk Factors of Bone Cancer

• Hereditary retinoblastoma, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, and other genetic syndromes increase the probability of bone cancer.
• Paget’s disease of bones, commonly diagnosed in middle-aged people can cause bone cancer.
• Radiation therapy during any other cancer treatment increases the chances of developing bone cancer.
• Chemotherapy during other cancer treatments might cause Osteosarcoma in later life.

How can it be prevented?

• Research is going on to understand the cause and ways to prevent bone cancer.
• Unfortunately, there is no technique to prevent bone cancer currently.
• Therefore, the best option is to early detect bone cancer and start the correct treatment procedure.
• If you fall into any of the above-mentioned risk factors, it is highly advisable to visit a bone cancer specialist.
• They will screen and decide on treatment procedures according to the stage of the bone tumour.

Bone Cancer Symptoms

Common bone tumour symptoms are:

• The constant and excruciating pain that comes & goes frequently
• Swelling around the affected portion of the bone
• Fracture due to weak bone structure
• Fatigue and sudden weight loss
• Worse pain at night
• Not relieved from over-the-counter painkillers

Types of Bone Cancer

Stages of Bone Cancer

Diagnosis and Bone Cancer Treatment

Diagnosis of bone cancer includes imaging tests according to the symptoms and signs of the patient.

Imaging tests for diagnosis include:

• Computerised Tomography (CT)
• Bone scan
• X-Ray
• PET (Positron Emission Tomography)
• MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)

The doctor might also recommend surgical or needle-based biopsies. The procedure includes the extraction of a tissue sample from a bone tumour for testing. It helps to analyse the growth of the tumour and the stage of bone cancer.

Methods of biopsy to diagnose bone cancer and bone marrow cancer:

• Needle insertion through the skin into bone tumour
• Surgery to remove a part or entire bone tumour for testing

Standard Protocol for Bone Cancer Treatment

• Removal of a cancerous part of the bone through surgery. In some cases, doctors recommend amputation to stop cancer from spreading to other parts of the bone or body.
• Chemotherapy according to bone tumour condition, age, and other considerations.
• Radiotherapy to eliminate cancer cells in bone/s.
• Supporting medicines during the entire treatment of the bone cancer.

Follow-ups and Cancer Care Plan

• Follow-up appointments are vital to monitor your recovery after bone cancer treatment.
• Doctors might recommend tests, x-rays and scans at these visits during the follow up phase.
• You will be called for follow-up appointments every three months for the first 2 years after the completion of treatment.
• If all goes well, you will require visiting every six months till five years post-treatment.
• After this, doctors recommend yearly appointments to check for any recurrence of symptoms.

FAQ's

1. What is bone marrow cancer?

   Bone marrow cancer develops in stem cells that form blood. Leukaemia and Multiple Myeloma are two types of bone marrow cancer.

2. How does bone marrow cancer different from bone cancer?

   Bone cancer can develop in any bone of the body. Bone marrow cancer grows in the marrow only.

3. What is the most common bone cancer type?

   Osteosarcoma or Osteogenic Sarcoma is the most common type of bone cancer.

4. What are the survival chances of bone cancer?

   Early detection of bone tumours is curable. People in the third stage generally live around five years from the diagnosis time.

   The timeline varies on a case-to-case basis. It depends upon multiple factors and doctors will explain you the treatment procedure.

5. Why does Osteosarcoma common among adolescent boys?

   Generally, Osteosarcoma happens during the rapid bone growth phase. Adolescence being the bodily growth phase, bone cancers are diagnosed mostly among adolescents.