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Understanding the Link Between Head & Neck Cancer and Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)

Head and neck cancers refer to malignancies that originate in areas like the mouth, throat, voice box (larynx), sinuses, or thyroid. In India, these cancers are particularly prevalent, largely due to the high rates of tobacco and betel nut consumption. However, a growing body of research has highlighted a lesser-known but significant factor: the Human Papillomavirus (HPV), especially in cancers of the oropharynx—which includes the tonsils and the base of the tongue.

HPV and Head & Neck Cancer: What's the Connection?

HPV is commonly associated with cervical cancer, but it is a virus capable of infecting the skin and mucous membranes of many parts of the body. Notably, certain high-risk strains of HPV are now firmly linked with oropharyngeal cancers. Unlike the traditional causes of head and neck cancers such as tobacco, alcohol, or betel nut use, HPV-related cancers are caused by a viral infection that spreads primarily through skin-to-skin contact, including sexual activity. A study reported a concerning trend: a rising number of pharyngeal and laryngeal cancers in India are now being linked to HPV infection.¹

Why This Matters for India

India carries one of the highest burdens of head and neck cancers globally. Yet, the role of HPV is still under-recognized. Misconceptions abound—that cancer only stems from poor lifestyle habits, or worse, because of fate or superstition. These myths often delay diagnosis, as early symptoms such as persistent sore throat, difficulty swallowing, or a lump in the neck are ignored or misattributed. By the time medical attention is sought, many patients present with advanced-stage disease, making treatment more complex and outcomes less favorable.

Early Detection of HPV-Related Cancers

There is some good news—HPV-related head and neck cancers generally respond better to treatment and have improved survival rates compared to those caused by tobacco or alcohol. But this advantage only applies when the cancer is detected early. Unfortunately, in rural parts of India, access to diagnostic tools like imaging or biopsy is limited. Compounding the problem are factors like poverty, lack of transportation, and reliance on traditional healing methods, which delay timely intervention.

Closing the Care Gap: What Can Be Done?

Bridging the gap in cancer care starts with awareness. Educating communities about the signs of cancer, dispelling myths, and promoting regular health check-ups can lead to earlier diagnosis and better outcomes. Vaccination is another powerful tool. The HPV vaccine, originally developed to prevent cervical cancer, also reduces the risk of other HPV-related cancers, including those of the oropharynx. While vaccination coverage in India, especially in rural areas, remains low, increasing awareness is the first step toward change. Simple, actionable steps—like recognizing warning signs, improving access to affordable diagnostics, and promoting HPV vaccination—can dramatically change the cancer landscape in India.

Conclusion: Knowledge Is Power

Head and neck cancer, particularly its link to HPV, shouldn’t remain a mystery or a death sentence. By spreading awareness, challenging stigma, and improving access to care, we can change the narrative. As a community of healthcare providers, policymakers, and citizens, we must work together to ensure that no one faces cancer alone—or too late. Let’s stay informed, proactive, and united in the fight against cancer.

Dr. Kunal N. Jobanputra