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Thyroid cancer is a relatively rare but treatable form of cancer that originates in the thyroid gland, a butterfly-shaped endocrine gland which is located in the neck. The thyroid gland produces hormones that regulate heart rate, body temperature and metabolism. The good news is that most thyroid cancers are easily cured. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are essential in achieving successful outcomes.

In this article, we will understand the various ways thyroid cancer is diagnosed and the different options available for thyroid cancer treatment.  

Diagnosis of Thyroid Cancer.

An enlarged thyroid gland or any other signs of thyroid cancer like loss or hoarseness of voice, swollen lymph nodes in the neck or difficulty in breathing or a family history will warrant a diagnosis. Here are few ways in which thyroid cancer is diagnosed: 

Imaging Tests: Imaging tests like ultrasound, computed tomography (CT) scans, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can provide detailed images of the thyroid gland and surrounding structures. These tests help identify the size, location, and characteristics of thyroid nodules or tumors. 

Fine-Needle Aspiration (FNA) Biopsy: If a suspicious nodule is detected, an FNA biopsy may be performed. During this procedure, a thin needle is used to extract a tissue sample from the nodule. Sometimes an ultrasound guided biopsy may be required for precise sampling. The sample is then examined under a microscope to determine whether it is cancerous. 

Radioiodine scan: This test can detect thyroid cancer and can even check if the cancer has spread. It requires the patient to swallow a radioactive iodine capsule. The radioactive iodine from the capsule is absorbed by the thyroid gland over a few hours and a special device is used to measure the amount of radiation in the thyroid gland.  

Blood Tests: Blood tests can measure thyroid hormone levels and assess the function of the thyroid gland. Abnormal hormone levels may indicate a thyroid problem, although they do not confirm cancer. 

Thyroid Cancer Treatment

Thyroid cancer treatment depends on the size of the tumor and whether or not the cancer has spread. 

Surgery: Surgical removal of the thyroid gland or a portion of it (thyroidectomy) is a common treatment for thyroid cancer. The extent of surgery depends on the type and stage of the cancer. In some cases, lymph nodes in the neck may also be removed. 

Radioactive Iodine (RAI) Therapy: After surgery, some patients may undergo RAI therapy. Thyroid cancer cells absorb iodine, so radioactive iodine can effectively target and destroy any remaining cancer cells left over from the surgery. This treatment is often used for differentiated thyroid cancers. 

External Radiation Therapy: In cases where cancer has spread to nearby structures or lymph nodes, external radiation therapy may be recommended. This treatment uses high-energy rays to target cancer cells and destroy them.  

Targeted Therapy and Chemotherapy: In advanced cases of thyroid cancer, especially anaplastic thyroid cancer, targeted therapies and chemotherapy may be considered. These treatments aim to slow cancer growth and improve symptoms. 

Early diagnosis and timely treatment are critical for managing thyroid cancer effectively. With advances in medical technology and treatment options, the prognosis for thyroid cancer is generally favorable. It's essential for individuals with thyroid concerns to seek medical attention promptly and work closely with their healthcare team to determine the most appropriate thyroid cancer treatment plan tailored to their specific diagnosis and needs. Thyroid cancer treatment continues to evolve, offering hope and improved outcomes for those affected by this disease. 

Dr. Makarand Randive
MD DNB
Consultant Cancer Physician
Mumbai Oncocare Centre, Nagpur
P +91 7400424333 / +91 2225301090